Hyperthermia is a surrogate marker of inflammation‐mediated cause of brain damage in acute ischaemic stroke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: The influence of temperature on the outcome observed in experimental models of ischaemic stroke has not been definitively proved in patients with stroke. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) acts as important endogenous pyrogen, and it is an important regulator of spontaneous body temperature during cerebral ischaemia. The objective of this study was to determine, during the acute phase of cerebral ischaemia, the potential relationship between proinflammatory cytokines and hyperthermia as a cause of larger cerebral infarcts. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 229 patients with a first-ever acute hemispheric infarction admitted within the first 24 h from onset of symptoms. On admission, axillary temperature was recorded and blood chemistry studies and cranial computed tomography were performed. We classified body temperature into two groups: hyperthermia (>or=37.5 degrees C) and normothermia (<37.5 degrees C). We determined proinflammatory markers [IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) and vascular cellular adhesion molecule] on admission. Two outcome variables were evaluated: (i) infarct volume; (ii) Canadian Stroke Scale (CSS) at 3 months (CSS 7 good outcome). RESULTS: Patients with hyperthermia had higher infarct volume [46.5 (9.8-78.5) cm(3) vs. 19.1 (5.0-23.5) cm(3); P < 0.0001], as well as poor outcome at 3 months. Plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha and ICAM-1 were significantly higher in the group of patients with hyperthermia than in the normothermic group. There was a significant correlation between body temperature on admission and infarct volume (r = 0.302; P < 0.0001), and between proinflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) and infarct volume. A significant association was also found between proinflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-alpha, and ICAM-1) and poor outcome. However, after adjustment for potential confounders, hyperthermia was not independently associated with either larger infarct volume or with poor outcome at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory mediators play a role in acute ischaemic brain damage independently of hyperthermia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".