Measurement of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A in solvents: Dependence on chain length and sound velocity
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work consists of a systematic study of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter (B/A) in 1-alkanols from methanol to 1-decanol, ketones from acetone to methyl hexyl ketone, and alkyl acetates from ethyl to octyl acetate. By focusing a 14-MHz tone burst through a spherical quartz lens in each solvent, the second harmonic is generated and measured by a 28-MHz transducer at various distances from the focus. This provides the point of maximum second harmonic power, and enables the computation of the nonlinear parameter using a simple model. The B/A values thus obtained are in reasonable agreement with these available in the literature. The B/A values are found to increase with chain length and sound velocity, this increase being in contradiction with Ballou’s rule. Moreover, a hybrid model based on Schaaffs’ formula for sound velocity fits the experimental results, questioning the validity of Ballou’s rule for solvents within a single chemical family.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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