Design flood estimates in mountain streams the need for a geomorphic approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Estimates of design flood frequencies are routinely required for engineering purposes on ungauged streams and streams with a limited period of streamflow record. In these cases, the design flood is determined either by rainfall frequencyduration analysis, regional analysis of streamflow data, or by extrapolation of a short record from a gauged stream. Although these types of analyses are valuable in a first approximation of peak discharges for different return periods, there is increasing evidence that geomorphic processes such as debris flows, landslide dam failures, glacial outburst floods, and even snow avalanches in the watershed can significantly exceed these estimates. This paper highlights the problem of a purely hydrologic approach for design flood estimates using several case studies, and suggests procedures to routinely include geomorphic processes in standard flood frequency studies.Key words: debris flows, debris floods, landslide dams, flood hazards, outburst floods, frequency analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".