Short-term transformation and long-term replacement of branchial chloride cells in killifish transferred from seawater to freshwater, revealed by morphofunctional observations and a newly established `time-differential double fluorescent staining' technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Short- and long-term responses to direct transfer from seawater to freshwater were examined in gill chloride cells of killifish, which developed distinct freshwater- and seawater-type chloride cells in the respective environments. In a short-term response within 24 h after transfer, seawater-type chloride cells forming a pit structure on the apical surface were transformed into freshwater-type cells equipped with developed microvilli on the flat or projecting apical membrane, via the intermediate type. The transformation process was accompanied by the disappearance of apically located Cl- channel (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) and neighboring accessory cells. Chloride cell replacement was also examined as a long-term adaptation to freshwater transfer, using a newly established 'time-differential double fluorescent staining (TDS)' technique. In the TDS technique, in vivo labeling of chloride cells was performed on two separate days, using two distinguishable mitochondria-specific fluorescent probes. For 3 days after freshwater transfer, 14.7% of seawater-type cells were replaced with newly differentiated freshwater-type cells, whereas these ratios of chloride cell replacement were much lower (1.2% and 1.8%) in seawater- and freshwater-maintained groups, respectively. In consequence, following direct transfer of killifish from seawater to freshwater, seawater-type chloride cells were transformed morphologically and functionally into freshwater-type cells as a short-term response, followed by the promotion of chloride cell replacement as a long-term response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".