Identification of the Polyhydroxybutyrate Granules in Mammalian Cultured Cells
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biological polyester present in bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Long-chain (or storage) sPHB (up to 100,000 residues) is typically present in PHB-accumulating bacteria and localized in specialized granules known as carbonosomes. In these organisms, sPHB plays a major role as carbon and energy storage. On the other hand, short-chain (or complexed) cPHB (10-100 residues) is present in eukaryotic organisms, including mammals as well as in many bacteria. Previous studies indicated that cPHB is localized in various subcellular compartments of the eukaryotic organisms. Here, we used fluorescent microscopy to directly investigate the localization of PHB in mammalian cells. PHB was visualized in cultured U87 cells using fluorescent probe BODIPY 493/503. Specificity of PHB staining was confirmed by markedly decreased fluorescence of samples treated with PHB-specific depolymerase (PhaZ7). We found that PHB is associated with granules, and that these PHB-enriched granules do not co-localized with mitochondria, lysosomes, or endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that, in mammalian cells, PHB can accumulate in the cytoplasm in granules similar to 'energy storage' carbonosomes found in PHB-accumulating bacteria.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it