Self-Assembly of Latex Particles into Proton-Conductive Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present results from our investigation of the concept and practice of using surface-charged latex nanoparticles as building blocks for conductive membranes. Nanoparticles were synthesized in water by free-radical copolymerization of two hydrophobic monomers, butyl acrylate (BA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA), a cross-linker, N, N ‘-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS), and a charged monomer, sulfonate styrene sodium salt (NaSS). The resultant nanospheres were characterized with static and dynamic laser light scattering. Thin films were cast from dispersions of particles, followed by incubation at ∼110 °C to yield free-standing membranes. Conductivity, water uptake, and ion exchange capacity were measured. The membranes possess higher conductivities than both amorphous films cast from sulfonated poly(BA−MMA−styrene) ionomers and poly(BA−BIS−MMA−NaSS) gel films. TEM images provide visual evidence of particle and film structure and suggest the existence of continuous hydrophilic channels formed naturally through close-packing of surface-charged nanospheres. Neutron scattering confirms the particulate structure of the membranes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".