Lithospheric structure across oblique continental collision in New Zealand from wide‐angle <i>P</i> wave modeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oblique convergence between the Australian and Pacific plates in South Island, New Zealand, has resulted in crustal thickening and distributed deformation within both plates. We measure this thickening and image the deformation with seismic wide‐angle data along a 600 km long transect that spans the plate boundary. P wave arrival times from 34,000 rays are used to construct a two‐dimensional model for seismic velocity with depth. Crustal velocities average 6.1 and 6.2 (±0.23) km/s for the Australian and Pacific sides of the boundary, respectively. Upper mantle velocities average 8.1 (±0.25) km/s. Distributed deformation is indicated by the following observations: a reduction in upper crustal and midcrustal velocities by 4% west of the plate boundary, ascribed to flexural bending stresses; a velocity reduction of 8% immediately east of the Alpine fault, linked to high pore fluid pressures; 17 km of crustal thickening to form a 44(±1.4) km deep crustal root that is offset 10–20 km SE of the highest mountains; a velocity reversal below the midcrust in the eastern part of the crustal root, caused either by heating or an artifact from seismic anisotropy; strong thickening of a 7.0(±0.4) km/s fast lower crust within the crustal root; and a low‐velocity zone in the Australian upper mantle due to sampling the slow orientation of upper mantle anisotropy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".