Effects of Land Cover Disturbance on Stream Invertebrate Diversity and Metal Concentrations in a Small Urban Industrial Watershed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The landscape surrounding Sudbury, Ontario, has been severely affected by 100 years of mining and forestry and a recent, large-scale ecological risk assessment found that terrestrial plant communities continue to be impaired by remnant metals and poor soil conditions. We investigated the risks of these adverse landscape conditions on a small headwater stream by digitizing land cover at a fine scale and relating it to benthic invertebrate diversity and metal concentrations at 13 sites in the system. The combination of historically barren landscape and modern impervious surfaces such as asphalt, roofs, and hard gravel was associated with decreased benthic invertebrate community diversity at all four watershed spatial scales measured. The same combination of barren bedrock and impervious surface was associated with increased levels of potentially toxic Ni, whereas increased Cu was most strongly associated with bedrock alone. Our results highlight previously undocumented relationships in this historically impacted area between unrestored landscapes, modern impervious surfaces, and their potential risks to aquatic life. We suggest regreening at different watershed scales as a risk mitigation tactic worthy of consideration and further study. Key Words: benthic invertebrateswatershed land coverstream assessmentmetalsminingdiversity. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank the Junction Creek Stewardship Committee, City of Greater Sudbury, and Vale Ltd. for financial support. Chantal Sarrazin-Delay and Kim Fram provided technical assistance. Karen Oman also provided assistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".