A computational study of the coalescence between a drop and an interface in Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A drop falling onto a fluid-fluid interface may not merge with it at once but may undergo a so-called partial coalescence cascade. Experimental observations of this phenomenon have revealed fascinating features of the process for Newtonian as well as polymeric fluids. In this paper, we describe numerical simulations of partial coalescence based on a phase-field method. Results show that partial coalescence occurs for an intermediate range of drop sizes, and proceeds in two stages: capillary waves propagating along the drop and transforming it into a fluid column, and neck formation on the column and pinch-off of the secondary drop. In the first stage, interfacial energy turns into kinetic energy following film rupture, while in the second, the kinetic energy overcomes an energy barrier due to the initial increase in interfacial area during neck formation. A parametric study establishes a criterion for partial coalescence in terms of a maximum Ohnesorge number that applies to a wide range of fluid densities and viscosities as long as the Bond number is small. Viscoelasticity in either the drop or the matrix tends to delay the pinch-off of the secondary drop, and may even suppress partial coalescence altogether. The underlying mechanism is large tensile polymer stresses resisting the stretching and thinning of the fluid neck. The numerical results are in qualitative, and in some cases quantitative, agreement with prior experiments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it