Dissociation of N<sub>2</sub> in capture and ionization collisions with fast H<sup>+</sup> and N<sup>+</sup> ions and modeling of positive ion formation in the Titan atmosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electron capture and ionization cross sections for protons and nitrogen ions incident on N2 are measured in the energy range 10–100 keV using time of flight (TOF) coincidence counting techniques. In the case of proton impact the formation of N2+ ions dominates for both electron capture and ionization channels at all energies, whereas for N+ ions, the N2+ formation dominates for electron capture and the dissociative processes for ionization channels. The energy distribution of the fragment products at 20 and 100 keV have also been measured for the first time using the TOF method. These cross sections are useful in the simulation of energetic ions and atoms interacting with Titan's N2‐rich atmosphere. Titan resides primarily within Saturn's magnetosphere where H+ and N+ ions are the major ions present along its orbit. It is found that the neutralization of these ions by charge exchange does not occur efficiently above Titan's exobase, so energetic particles with large gyroradii penetrate primarily as ions. The ionization rate and energy deposition in Titan's atmosphere by the energetic H+ ions observed by the Voyager spacecraft are explained with the help of the present measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".