The Accuracy of Water Table Elevation Estimates Determined from Ground Penetrating Radar Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water table elevations measured at sparsely distributed monitoring wells are used to interpolate the water table surface. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-invasive technique that has been used to estimate water table elevations between monitoring wells. GPR can be used to estimate the elevation of the top of the capillary fringe. The water table elevation is obtained by subtracting an estimate of the height of the capillary fringe from the capillary fringe elevation. The accuracy of these estimates is affected by numerous sources of error including surface elevation, GPR wave velocity, spatial velocity variations, capillary rise estimates and the time sampling interval. The main sources of uncertainty are due to GPR velocity estimates and predicting the height above the water table of the capillary fringe reflection. Theoretical analysis and field experiments indicate that, under favorable circumstances, the elevation of shallow water tables can be estimated with an accuracy on the order of 0.20m.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".