Characterising cement carbonation curing using non-contact electrical resistivity measurement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbonation curing of cement paste and concrete promotes early strength gain, improves durability and recycles carbon dioxide in a beneficial manner. To examine the carbonation curing mechanism, fresh cement pastes and concretes subject to carbonation are characterised using a non-contact electrical resistivity measurement method. Resistivity measurements reveal that characteristic features of the hydration accelerated by carbonation are different from conventional hydration. The typical induction period is absent in the carbonation curing owing to the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate. The resistivity measurement method produces a superimposed result of early hardening and multiple instances of progressive hardening by carbonation curing. The electrical resistivity is 3–6 times higher in the carbonated cement paste and about 8–16 times higher in the carbonated concretes in comparison with the hydration references. The carbonated lightweight concrete shows lower bulk resistivity than the carbonated normal-weight concrete, possibly owing to the release of internal water from the lightweight aggregates during carbonation. This is evidence of internal curing by lightweight aggregates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".