Holocene paleoclimate and paleoecology determined from fossil Coleoptera at Brampton, Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An unusually rich and extensive 5 m sequence of organic-rich sediments (ca. 13 000 to ca. 4500 BP) from a drained glacial kettle near Brampton, Ontario, has produced a large and varied assemblage of fossil insects. Coleoptera (beetles) from the base include species typical of northern boreal or tree line habitats today. Approximately one metre above the base of the section (ca. 11 500 BP), there is an abrupt appearance of numerous bark beetles (family Scolytidae) and other Coleoptera that inhabit boreal forests. Temperate species whose ranges are predominantly or totally south of the Ontario border, appear, beginning at ca. 9500 BP, suggesting environmental conditions similar to modern ones. Younger Dryas and Pre-Boreal Oscillation cold events may be evident in lower parts of the boreal sequence, although considerations of temporal and climatic resolution make interpretation somewhat ambiguous.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".