Fiber-Element Model for Slender HSS Columns Retrofitted with Bonded High-Modulus Composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an analytical model developed to predict the behavior of concentrically loaded cold-formed square hollow structural section (HSS) slender columns, strengthened with high-modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. The model predicts the load versus axial and lateral displacements, and accounts for plasticity of steel, the built-in through-thickness residual stresses, geometric nonlinearity, initial out-of-straightness imperfection, and the contribution of CFRP sheets. The model was verified using test results. Since the gains in strength due to CFRP retrofitting of the tested columns were found to be sensitive to the inherent out-of-straightness, the model was used to uncouple the effects of out-of-straightness and CFRP reinforcement ratio. It was shown that axial strength and stiffness of HSS columns could be increased substantially when retrofitted with longitudinal CFRP sheets, due to reduction of the lateral displacement induced by buckling. It was also shown that CFRP effectiveness increases for columns with larger out-of-straightness deficiencies and columns of higher slenderness ratios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".