“On Separation from the Muscovite State”:The City of Pskov in the Time of Troubles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines popular movements in Pskov during the last years of the Time of Troubles. It argues that, after the rebellion of 1608, the city commune separated from the Muscovite state and re-established archaic forms of popular governance, which coexisted with traditional bureaucratic institutions. The commune administered important legal and political affairs, and was responsible for making decisions such as which side to support in the civil war. Despite continuous tension among the Pskovian citizens, the commune itself proved to be a sustainable and viable corporation. For several years, it successfully preserved the city’s independent status. The constant external threat, however, compelled the Pskovians to return under the patronage of the Muscovite authorities and to renounce their autonomy. From the long perspective, the self-governing city was unable to compete with powerful sovereign states.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".