Arsenic in Groundwater Wells in Quaternary Deposits in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elevated arsenic (As) concentrations levels have been found in private groundwater wells in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia (BC) in a regional survey. Forty-three percent of the 98 tested wells showed total As concentrations above the 0.010 mg/L Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC) and another 40% were above 0.0003mg/L, a level of concern because of possible long-term lifetime exposure that could result in increased risk of negative health effects. There is clear evidence that As in this region is of natural origin and likely associated with marine and glaciomarine deposits. Arsenic was predominantly found in deep wells, and was positively correlated with variables reflective of marine environments such as B, Na, K, Mo, Cl, PO4, pH and specific conductance. Sixty-seven percent of the samples located in the marine and glaciomarine deposits of the Salish and Capilano formation had As concentrations above the MAC. In contrast, only 28% of all samples in the Fort Langley Formation and 16% of the samples on glaciofluvial sediments of the Vashon and Sumas Drift Formation had As concentrations above the MAC. Arsenic was predominantly found in aquifers that are classified as confined and of low vulnerability, while wells in unconfined glaciofluvial deposits showed little evidence of As.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".