Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Bubble nucleation and growth are the results of pressure depletion in solution-gas drive reservoirs. The interfaces of the generated bubbles move in pore spaces due to their expansion and applied pressure gradient. Mobilized bubbles might break into smaller bubbles or coalesce with other bubbles. The former event keeps the bubbles isolated and hinders their movement and increases critical gas saturation. Critical gas saturation signifies the onset of a continuous gas phase and is identified by a dramatic increase in GOR at the wellhead. Certain solution-gas drive heavy oil reservoirs (foamy oil reservoirs) demonstrate a low producing gas-oil ratio. A pore-scale model of porous media is modified to investigate the effect of pressure gradient and oil viscosity on the breakup of a solitary bubble. This event is then related to reservoir behaviour. The model is modified by including film flow and different breakup processes. New hydraulic conductivity formulations are derived for a pore containing oil, gas and oil film. The model results show that bubble breakup is more likely to happen in networks with high-pressure gradients. Also, increasing oil viscosity hinders bubble breakup.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".