Soil silicon amendment for managing gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass turf on golf courses in Pennsylvania
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gray leaf spot (Magnaporthe oryzae) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is commonly managed by fungicide applications. With increasing public concerns over chemical usage and emergence of fungicide-resistant pathogen populations, the golf course industry seeks disease management through integrated management practices. Silicon (Si) amendments have been proven effective in controlling fungal diseases of various crops including turfgrasses. This study investigated the effects of Si applications on gray leaf spot development on perennial ryegrass turf on commercial golf courses. Silicon sources wollastonite and calcium silicate slag were applied at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 t/ha at two golf courses in Pennsylvania with different soil types: an Ultisol and an Alfisol. The turf was inoculated with M. oryzae 10 weeks after silicon application, and disease development was monitored over a 10 week period. Results showed that area under the disease progress curve and final disease severity 10 weeks after inoculation were significantly reduced by Si applications at both sites. The magnitude of disease reduction was greater in the perennial ryegrass turf grown on the Ultisol. Tissue Si content increased with increasing rates of calcium silicate at both sites. Leaf tissue content of other macro- and micro-nutrients did not change when Si was applied at either site. Soil analysis showed that soil Si and pH increased with increasing rates of Si at both sites. These findings suggest that Si applications can reduce gray leaf spot development on perennial ryegrass turf on golf courses and may prove to be of use in the integrated management of turfgrass diseases. Key words: Magnaporthe oryzae, gray leaf spot, perennial ryegrass, wollastonite, calcium silicate slag, silicon. La tache grise (Magnaporthe orizae) de l’ivraie est habituellement maîtrisée par des applications de fongicide. Compte tenu des préoccupations du public en ce qui a trait à l’utilisation des pesticides de synthèse et à l’émergence de populations d’agents pathogènes résistants aux fongicides, l’industrie des terrains de golf cherche des solutions de gestion des maladies en faisant appel aux méthodes de lutte intégrée. Les amendements à base de silicium (Si) se sont montrés efficaces quant à la lutte contre les maladies fongiques s’attaquant à diverses cultures, incluant les gazons. Cette étude a examiné les effets d’applications de silicium sur le développement de la tache grise sur l’ivraie vivace sur sept terrains de golf commerciaux. De la wollastonite et des scories de silicate de calcium, sources de silicium, ont été appliquées à raison de 0,5, 1, 2, 5 et 10 t/ha sur deux terrains de golf de Pennsylvanie aux sols différents : un ultisol et un alfisol. Le gazon a été inoculé avec M. orizae 10 jours après l’application de silicium et l’évolution de la maladie a été suivie durant 10 semaines. Les résultats ont montré que, 10 semaines après l’inoculation, l’aire sous la courbe de maladie (AUDPC) ainsi que la gravité finale de la maladie avaient été réduites de façon significative par les applications de silicium, et ce, aux deux sites. La teneur des tissus foliaires quant aux autres macro- et micronutriments n’a varié sur aucun des deux sites traités. Les analyses du sol ont indiqué, aux deux sites, que la teneur en silicium et le pH des sols augmentaient en fonction des taux d’application du silicium. Ces constatations suggèrent que les applications de silicium peuvent entraver le développement de la tache grise chez l’ivraie vivace sur les terrains de golf et peut s’avérer utile dans la gestion intégrée des maladies des gazons. Mots-clés : Magnaporthe orizae, tache grise, ivraie vivace, wollastonite, scories de silicate de calcium, silicium.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".