Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional constitutive model is developed to describe the stressstrain behaviour of isotropic freshwater ice. The model consists of two sets of equations. The first set deals with the behaviour of intact ice (undamaged material), and the second set accounts for the effect of damage (microcracking) on the overall stressstrain behaviour of ice. The intact-ice model (the first set of equations) is developed on the basis of the traditional viscoelasticity and viscoplasticity theories, whereas the damaged-ice model (the second set of equations) is developed using the rate theory for crack kinetics. The results of several uniaxial and triaxial tests are used to evaluate the accuracy of the model predictions. The comparisons between the predicted and measured stressstrain curves indicate that the model predicts reasonably well the strength of ice, the effect of damage, and the postpeak behaviour (including softening) of ice subjected to monotonic loading and unloadingreloading cycles.Key words: isotropic freshwater ice, constitutive model, damaged ice, crack kinetics, cyclic loading, softening.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".