Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the initial formation stages young stars must acquire a significant fraction of their mass by accretion from a circumstellar disk that forms in the center of a collapsing protostellar cloud. Throughout this period mass accretion rates reach 10 −6 to 10 −5 M ☉ yr −1 , allowing the disk to extend all the way to the stellar surface unimpeded by the protostellar magnetic field. We study the effect of irradiation of the stellar surface produced by the hot inner disk on properties of accreting fully convective low-mass stars and also look at objects such as young brown dwarfs and giant planets. At high irradiation raises the surface temperature of the equatorial region above the photospheric temperature T 0 that a star would have in the absence of accretion. In these regions an almost isothermal outer radiative zone forms on top of the fully convective interior, leading to a suppression of the local internal cooling flux derived from stellar contraction (similar suppression occurs in irradiated ``hot Jupiters''). The high-latitude (polar) parts of the stellar surface, where disk irradiation is weak, preserve their temperature at the level of T 0 . The total intrinsic luminosity integrated over the whole stellar surface is reduced compared to the nonaccreting case, by up to a factor of several for some objects (young brown dwarfs, stars in quasar disks, and forming giant planets), potentially leading to the retardation of stellar contraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".