Experimental Performance of Steel Beams under Blast Loading
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the dynamic response of typical wide-flange steel beams was experimentally evaluated under blast loading. A total of 13 beams were field tested using live explosives, where the charge size ranged from 50 to 250 kg of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture, and the ground stand-off distance was from 7.0 to 10.3 m. Blast wave characteristics, including incident and reflected pressures, were recorded. In addition, time-dependent displacements, accelerations, and strains at different locations along the steel members were measured, and the postblast damage and mode of failure of the test specimens were observed. The blast load characteristics were compared with those obtained using the Technical Manual UFC 3-340-02 results. The displacement response results were used to validate the results obtained from a nonlinear dynamic analysis based on a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model. Results showed that the UFC 3-340-02 pressure predictions compare reasonably well with the measured pressure in the positive phase in terms of both the peak pressure and overall time variations. The SDOF model predicted the maximum displacements of beams in the elastic range reasonably well, but it overestimated them in the plastic range.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it