Competitive Adsorption of Toluene and <i>n</i>-Alkanes at Binary Solution/Silica Interfaces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The competitive adsorption of toluene and n -alkanes at binary solution/silica interfaces was studied at room temperature using IR-visible sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. The surface coverage of toluene for toluene−pentane, toluene−heptane, and toluene−tetradecane mixtures was measured over the complete mole fraction range from 0 to 1. The competitive adsorption process was reversible, and the toluene coverage only depended on the bulk mole fraction, not on the history of the system. The estimated molar adsorption free energy of toluene is 3.4 ± 0.3, 1.8 ± 0.3, and 0.84 ± 0.3 kJ/mol higher than pentane, heptane, and tetradecane, respectively. Overall, toluene competes favorably on silica, and the molar adsorption free energy of alkanes increases as the chain length increases. It is consistent with the observed SFG spectra, indicating that the alkanes lie flat on the silica surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".