Steady-State Performance of a Small-Scale Liquid-to-Air Membrane Energy Exchanger for Different Heat and Mass Transfer Directions, and Liquid Desiccant Types and Concentrations: Experimental and Numerical Data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger (LAMEE) is an energy exchanger that allows heat and moisture transfer between air and salt solution flows through a semipermeable membrane. For the first time, a novel small-scale single-panel LAMEE test facility is used to experimentally investigate the effect of the direction of heat and mass transfers for the air and salt solution flows, and the effect of different salt solution types and concentrations on the LAMEE effectiveness. The data for steady-state effectiveness of the LAMEE are compared to the simulation results of a numerical model. Two studies are conducted; first a study based on different heat and mass transfer directions (four test cases), and second a study focused on the influence of solution types and concentration on LAMEE performance. For the first study, NTU = 3 and four different heat capacity ratios (i.e., Cr* = 1, 3, 5, 7) are used, with a LiCl salt solution in the exchanger. Mass and energy balances for all the test cases and the repeatability of the experimental data for the air cooling and dehumidifying test case show that the experimental data are repeatable and within an acceptable uncertainty range. The results show increasing effectiveness with increasing Cr*, and good agreement between the numerical and experimental results for both air cooling and dehumidifying and air heating and humidifying test cases. In the second study, two different salt solutions (i.e., LiCl and MgCl2), and three different concentrations for the LiCl solution (i.e., 25%, 30%, and 35%) are selected to investigate the effect of different salt solution types and concentrations on the performance of the LAMEE. A maximum difference of 10% is obtained for the LAMEE total effectiveness data with the different salt solution types and concentrations. The results show that both the salt solution type and concentration affect the LAMEE effectiveness, and changing the concentration is one way to control the supply air outlet humidity ratio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".