Blood Flow and Recirculation Rates in Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long-term catheters are widely used in some dialysis units. Because of higher dialysis dose targets, high flow catheters have been made available. We measured blood flow (Qb in ml/min) and recirculation rate (R%) in two types of tunneled dialysis catheters using ultrasound-dilution technology (Transonic). Thirty-seven catheters were evaluated (27 Opti-Flow, 10 High-Flow), as inserted in jugular or subclavian veins. Real Qb and R were measured at increasing pump blood flows (250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 ml/min) in absence of ultrafiltration. For all, real Qb was similar to pump Qb (261 vs. 250, 304 vs. 300, 349 vs. 350, 389 vs. 400, and 431 vs. 450 ml/min, respectively). Catheters with reversed lines were all recirculating (R between 18% and 24%). Sixteen nonreversed catheters had no R at all Qb, whereas four nonreversed catheters had minimal R (between 7% and 11%); R did not increase significantly with the rise in pump Qb. The two types of tunneled catheters deliver high Qb without high R if ports are not reversed. The relative decrease in treatment efficiency should be accounted for in dialysis prescription if such tunneled catheters are used as long-term access, especially if lines have to be reversed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".