Structure and dynamics of the midshelf front in the New York Bight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structure and variability of the wintertime midshelf front in the New York Bight is examined using moored observations of currents and hydrography during 2007. The front is located near the 50 m isobath, inshore of the shelf break front and offshore of estuarine outflow plume fronts. It spans the water column and is the boundary between cooler, fresher, and less dense inner shelf water and warmer, saltier, and denser outer shelf water. The mean hydrographic front slopes upward offshore, and there is an associated equatorward along‐shelf 5–10 cm/s surface‐intensified current jet. The mean across‐shelf circulation is offshore near the surface and onshore at depth. The across‐shelf velocity is convergent and strengthens across‐shelf property gradients with a time scale for gradient doubling of approximately 8 days. Tidal analysis of currents and temperatures suggests that tidal shear dispersion is not an important mechanism for midshelf front formation. The frontal structure and location are roughly consistent with the theory of bottom boundary layer advected fronts, suggesting that multiple estuarine outflows are collectively responsible. Pulses of strong offshore wind cause the breakdown of the across‐shelf thermal wind balance, which has been commonly assumed to hold in shelf environments. Observed shear significantly exceeds thermal wind shear at middepths, where observation of low‐gradient Richardson number indicates the importance of vertical mixing. The response of currents to wind fluctuations is asymmetric, whereby the combination of upwelling favorable and offshore winds or downwelling favorable and onshore winds produces a stronger response than winds from the remaining quadrants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".