P- to n-type conversion with sodium addition in bridgman-grown CuInSe<inf>2</inf>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ingots containing monocrystals of CuInSe2have been fabricated, using a Bridgman-growth procedure, in quartz ampoules, to which varying concentrations of sodium and excess selenium have been added. The CuInSe2ingots were nominally p-type, but could be made n-type by adding sufficient sodium to the melts before growth. Small additions of excess Se required that greater additions of Na be introduced for the type conversion to occur. The occurrence of deposits found within the ampoules after growth was strongly indicative of conductivity type. Hall coefficient measurements were carried out on some samples, as were compositional analyses by SEM/EDX, revealing the grown material to be deficient in Cu, regardless of type. Additionally, analysis of the interior of an ingot uncovered no Na within the bulk material, but a significant quantity was found on the exterior surface. This marks the first time sodium was shown to reside only on surfaces, rather than within the bulk crystals, in melt-grown material where sodium was added before compound synthesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".