Probing the molecular interstellar medium of M82 with<i>Herschel</i>-SPIRE spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the observations of the starburst galaxy M82 taken with the <i>Herschel<i/> SPIRE Fourier-transform spectrometer. The spectrum (194–671 <i>μ<i/>m) shows a prominent CO rotational ladder from <i>J<i/> = 4–3 to 13–12 emitted by the central region of M82. The fundamental properties of the gas are well constrained by the high <i>J<i/> lines observed for the first time. Radiative transfer modeling of these high-S/N <sup>12<sup/>CO and <sup>13<sup/>CO lines strongly indicates a very warm molecular gas component at ~500 K and pressure of ~3×10<sup>6<sup/> K cm<sup>-3<sup/>, in good agreement with the H<sub>2<sub/> rotational lines measurements from <i>Spitzer<i/> and ISO. We suggest that this warm gas is heated by dissipation of turbulence in the interstellar medium (ISM) rather than X-rays or UV flux from the straburst. This paper illustrates the promise of the SPIRE FTS for the study of the ISM of nearby galaxies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".