Effects of Temperature and Sulfate on the Pitting Corrosion of Titanium in High-Temperature Chloride Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of temperature (100-230°C) and sulfate concentration (0-0.5 mol L −1 ) on the pitting corrosion of titanium were studied in de-aerated 1 mol L −1 NaCl solution using cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) and linear-sweep thermammetry measurements. With increasing temperature, the breakdown potential E b of titanium decreased, while the repassivation potential E rp of titanium remained constant in 1 mol L −1 NaCl solution. The presence of sulfate ions shifted both the E b and E rp to higher values, implying that the pitting of titanium was inhibited. In 1 mol L −1 NaCl solution with 0.5 mol L −1 sulfate addition, titanium did not undergo passivity breakdown at 200°C, even up to 9 V vs . SHE. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that the inhibition effect of sulfate on the pitting could be attributed to the competition for adsorption sites on the oxide surface. A metastable pitting temperature threshold (MPTT) was defined for titanium as a function of sulfate to chloride mole ratio using linear-sweep thermammetry measurements. The MPTT results were consistent with those obtained in CPP measurements. The results confirmed that the MPTT of titanium was elevated by the addition of sulfate ions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".