Towards Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Enhanced Oil Recovery in Offshore Newfoundland, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A consortium of university-industry researchers are developing sustainable and environmentally friendly enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology for oil fields off the east coast of Newfoundland, Canada. This paper is foundational work on potential implementation of air and flue gas injection techniques. The paper discusses reservoir and facility considerations of air and flue gas injection and provides recommendations for project evaluation. The paper presents screening level results for Husky Energy's White Rose Field as a case study. Newfoundland offshore fields contain light oil (30-37 oAPI, 0.5-0.8 cP) making the fields potential targets for gas based EOR. However, with the oil fields located 310-350 km off the coast, availability of injection gas and logistical problems present barriers to EOR. Air injection has the advantages of an unlimited supply of injectant, success in laboratory and field applications, years of safe operation, and potential for an estimated 10% incremental oil recovery in waterflooded reservoirs. The challenges toward implementation of both techniques considering field characteristics and infrastructure are discussed along with practical solutions to aid implementation. The evaluation of sustainable and environmentally friendly EOR technologies is inline with long-term regulatory requirement and is timely as oil production from existing fields is beginning to decline. Moreover, with only 3 of over 20 discovered fields off the coast of Newfoundland currently developed, the conclusions and recommendations may also be valuable in the near future for evaluation of EOR techniques for the remote fields offshore Newfoundland. Introduction When evaluating the potential for enhanced oil recovery offshore Newfoundland, two key themes must be addressed;Is the process suitable for the reservoir properties and reservoir fluids?Is the process suitable for implementation offshore? The challenges of implementing enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in an offshore environment are much greater than in an equivalent onshore field (Bondor et al., 2005). While EOR processes tend to be reservoir and reservoir fluid specific, the project must be commercially feasible within the high cost offshore environment. Beyond normal offshore conditions, Newfoundland's offshore oil fields occur in one of the harshest offshore environments in the world, with severe weather and ice encroachment for long periods during the spring and summer. The two enhanced oil recovery techniques discussed within this document are high pressure air injection (HPAI) and flue gas injection. Both processes supply additional energy to the reservoir by the injection of non-hydrocarbon gases with the aim of recovering incremental oil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".