SU‐E‐T‐91: Validation of Geant4 Physics for Ionization Chamber Calculations in Radiotherapy Photon Beams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of the GEANT4 Monte Carlo toolkit for ionization chamber calculations in radiotherapy photon beams. METHODS: First, we used the Fano cavity example included in the GEANT4 distribution to validate calculations under Fano conditions. We determined a combination of parameters and physics list that provided results consistent within +/- 0.5% with the Fano theorem. Next we performed simulations to investigate the accuracy of using GEANT4 for ionization chamber calculations. Eight ionization chambers were modeled using detailed manufacturer specifications including A1, A1SL, NE2571, PTW30010, PTW30012, PTW31010, PTW31014 and PTW31016. The absorbed dose to water for a cylindrical water cavity and the absorbed dose to air in the ionization chambers' cavities were scored for 1.25 MeV photons. The ratio of these quantities was then compared to values from EGSnrc simulations. RESULTS: Simulations using the Fano cavity example yielded results within +/- 0.5% with the Fano theorem across 1.25, 3 and 4 MeV incident photon energies. The most accurate and consistent results were obtained using the G4eIonisation ionization model and G4GoudsmitSaundersonMscModel multiple scattering (MS) model with a maximum step size limitation of 0.001 mm, which yielded results accurate to +/- 0.3% for all energies. This set of parameters and physics processes as well as the G4UrbanMscModel93 MS model were used for the ionization chamber calculations. The calculated quantities were compared to those used in Muir and Rogers 2010 (Med. Phys. 37: 5939-5950) and agreed to within sub-percentage differences for most chambers. CONCLUSIONS: The GEANT4 toolkit can achieve sub-percentage accuracy for ionization chamber calculations in radiotherapy photon beams. This is achieved by using either the G4GoudsmitSaundersonMscModel or G4UrbanMscModel93 MS models. Although less accurate (+/- 0.5%), simulations employing the G4UrbanMscModel93 MS model are on average two orders magnitude faster than that of the G4GoudsmitSaundersonMscModel MS model (+/- 0.3%). Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".