Distribution of Granule Channels, Protein, and Phospholipid in Triticale and Corn Starches as Revealed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The morphology and microstructure of starch granules from two cultivars of triticale and from normal corn were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Compared to numerous pores distributed randomly on the surfaces of corn starch granules, markedly fewer pores were observed on the surfaces of starch granules isolated from Pronghorn triticale, and even fewer on the surfaces of starch granules isolated from Ultima triticale. CLSM with fluorescence staining revealed that starch‐associated protein was predominately distributed on the granule surface and in the internal channels of both triticale and corn starches. However, after triticale starch was treated with SDS or SO 2 , the radially oriented, protein‐filled internal channels of the granules were observed more frequently and extended to the central region of granules. Phospholipid was located mainly on the granule surface but also in channels and throughout granules in triticale starches, whereas in corn starch granules, it was mainly in the channels. The amount of protein and phospholipid in chemically and protease‐treated starches varied with starch source and treatment conditions. In treated triticale starches, the nitrogen content was positively correlated with the phosphorus content, indicating a close association between protein and phospholipid within starch granules. Starch‐associated protein and phospholipid may play an important role in maintaining the structural stability of both the granule surface and the internal channels.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it