Retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor α regulates a subset of cone genes during mouse retinal development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Color vision is supported by retinal cone photoreceptors that, in most mammals, express two photopigments sensitive to short (S-opsin) or middle (M-opsin) wavelengths. Expression of the Opn1sw and Opn1mw genes, encoding S-opsin and M-opsin, respectively, is under the control of nuclear receptors, including thyroid hormone receptor beta2 (TRbeta2), retinoid X receptor gamma (RXRgamma), and RORbeta, a member of the retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR) family. We now demonstrate that RORalpha, another member of the ROR family, regulates Opn1sw, Opn1mw, as well as Arr3 (cone arrestin) in the mouse retina. RORalpha expression is detected in cones by postnatal day 3 and maintained through adulthood. The retinas of staggerer mice, carrying a null mutation of RORalpha, show significant down-regulation of Opn1sw, Opn1mw, and Arr3. RORalpha acts in synergy with cone-rod homeobox transcription factor (Crx), to activate the Opn1sw promoter in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays reveal that RORalpha directly binds to the Opn1sw promoter, Opn1mw locus control region, and the Arr3 promoter in vivo. Our data suggest that RORalpha plays a crucial role in cone development by directly regulating multiple cone genes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".