A multilevel analysis of change in alcohol consumption in Québec, 1993–98
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: Changes in drinking are subgroup-specific and vary by dimensions of drinking pattern. This study investigates changes in drinking patterns between 1993 and 1998 within various subgroups of Québec society. DESIGN: A multilevel design was used in which respondents (level 1) were nested within demographic groups (level 2). PARTICIPANTS: Based on the 1993 and 1998 Québec Health and Social Surveys, 40 598 respondents (level 1) were nested within 220 groups (level 2) based on age, SES status, gender and the year of survey. MEASUREMENTS: The effect of group characteristics were assessed for various dimensions of drinking pattern. FINDINGS: A significant part of the variance in drinking pattern is attributed to group membership (ranging from 8.6% to 18.3%). Except for the frequency of heavy drinking episodes, the data revealed a significant increase between 1993 and 1998 on all drinking pattern dimensions, which was more marked for higher SES groups for current drinking status. However, the frequency of heavy drinking decreased among the lower SES groups and remained stable among the higher SES groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results call for an increase in public health vigilance in monitoring trends in drinking patterns and their potential acute and chronic consequences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".