Effects of sex steroids on<i>in vitro</i>gamete release in the sea scallop,<i>Placopecten magellanicus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Effects of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone on 5-HT-induced gamete release were studied in vitro in both sexes of the sea scallop. The results showed that estradiol (10−5–10−8 M in females and 10−5–10−7 M in males) and progesterone (10−7–10−8 M in females and 10−5–10−7 M in males) potentiated gamete release in both sexes, whereas testosterone (10−5–10−7 M) had a facilitatory effect only in males. Pharmacological studies suggested that these effects may be achieved through activation of sex steroid receptors because they were abolished by receptor antagonists (tamoxifen, 1.25 μM; flutamine, 2.5 μM; RU486, 1 μM) and by RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors (actinomycin D, 8 μM; cycloheximide, 10 μM). These findings support a growing body of literature which suggests physiological roles of sex steroids in invertebrates. Furthermore, the results also suggest possible applications in the environmental monitoring of endocrine disrupting chemicals and in bivalve aquaculture.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".