Performance Evaluation of FRP Composite Deck Considering for Local Deformation Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine here the replacement of a deteriorated concrete deck in the historic Hawthorne Street Bridge in Covington, Va. with a lightweight fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) deck system (adhesively bonded pultruded tube and plate assembly) to increase the load rating of the bridge. To explore construction feasibility, serviceability, and durability of the proposed deck system, a two-bay section (9.45 by 6.7m ) of the bridge has been constructed and tested under different probable loading scenarios. Experimental results show that the response of the deck is linear elastic with no evidence of deterioration at service load level (HS-20). From global behavior of the bridge superstructure (experimental data and finite- element analysis), degree of composite action, and load distribution factors are determined. The lowest failure load ( 93.6kips or 418.1kN ) is about 4.5 times the design load ( 21.3kips or 94kN ), including dynamic allowance at HS-20. The failure mode is consistent in all loading conditions and observed to be localized under the loading patch at the top plate and top flange of the tube. In addition to global performance, local deformation behavior is also investigated using finite-element simulation. Local analysis suggests that local effects are significant and should be incorporated in design criteria. Based on parametric studies on geometric (thickness of deck components) and material variables (the degree of orthotropy in pultruded tube), a proposed framework for the sizing and material selection of cellular FRP decks is presented for future development of design guidelines for composite deck structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".