Carbonic Anhydrase Localization in Charophycean Green Algae: Ecological and Evolutionary Significance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two carbonic anhydrase (CA) antibodies, one to the primarily periplasmic alpha‐type enzyme of the chlorophycean Chlamydomonas and another to pea (Pisum sativum) beta‐type CA, which is primarily located in the chloroplast stroma, were applied to the charophycean green alga Mougeotia sp., shoot cells of the later divergent charophycean, Chara zeylanica, and control Chlamydomonas cells and pea leaf tissues. Immunolocalizations were quantitatively assessed at the ultrastructural level; nonimmune labeling was negligible in all cases. The Chlamydomonas antibody intensely labeled inner cell wall, periplasmic region, and peripheral cytoplasm of Chlamydomonas, Mougeotia, and Chara. The concentration of periplasmic label did not significantly differ among these green algae. This is the first immunolocalization evidence for occurrence of a periplasmic CA in Chara. Chloroplasts of Mougeotia, Chara, and pea were also labeled by the Chlamydomonas antibody, suggesting that plants inherited a plastid thylakoid‐based, alpha‐type CA from charophycean ancestors. The pea antibody labeled Chara chloroplasts but not those of Chlamydomonas or Mougeotia. The concentration of pea antibody stromal label did not significantly differ between pea and Chara. This is the first immunolocalization evidence for occurrence of a higher‐plant, beta‐type stromal CA in green algal plastids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".