Black carbon aerosol mass concentrations over Ahmedabad, an urban location in western India: Comparison with urban sites in Asia, Europe, Canada, and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol mass concentrations measured using an aethalometer at Ahmedabad, an urban location in western India, from September 2003 to June 2005 are analyzed. BC mass concentrations are found to show diurnal and seasonal variations. Diurnal evolution in BC is marked with two peaks, one in the morning hours, just after the sunrise, and the other in the late evening hours. The peaks occur due to fumigation effect of boundary layer, gradual increase in the anthropogenic activities, and rush hour traffic. January BC values are about a factor of 5 higher than July mass concentrations. During winter the surface boundary layer is shallow resulting in trapping of pollutants in a lesser volume which leads to higher BC concentrations. In July an increase in boundary layer height, surface temperature, convective activity, and rainfall result in lower BC values. BC mass concentrations are about 0.8 μg m−3 in July 2004 (southwest monsoon), while BC was higher than 5 μg m−3 in January 2004 (northeast monsoon). Ahmedabad BC mass concentrations are higher than those measured over central, western India and Hyderabad, an urban city in south India during a land campaign in February 2004. BC values measured over Ahmedabad are found to be higher than those measured over various locations representing different environments in Europe. Seasonal variations are less pronounced in urban locations in Europe. BC mass concentrations at east St. Louis, Illinois, an urban site are found to be less than 2 μg m−3 during September 2003 to June 2005, with less pronounced seasonal variations. BC mass concentrations at various land locations in India, Beijing, and Seoul are higher than those measured over various locations in Europe, Canada, and the United States.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".