Crystalline Behavior of Chitosan Organic Acid Salts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The crystal structures of chitosan acid salts were studied by X-ray diffraction measurements on a fiber diagram and a new procedure to obtain an anhydrous polymorph of chitosan was found. The salts prepared by immersing a chitosan into a mixture of acid solution and isopropanol were classified into two types (Types I and II) depending on their conformation. Molecular conformation of the Type I salt retains the extended 2-fold helical structure of the original chitosan, but that of Type II salt is a twisted 2-fold helix. All the Type II salts changed to the anhydrous "Annealed" polymorph of chitosan when soaking in 75% aqueous isopropanol, but when the Type I salts were immersed in the solution, they returned to the hydrated "Tendon" polymorph which is that of the original chitosan. The strange transformation observed in Type II salt may be related to the stability of the molecular conformation of chitosan in the salt.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".