New behavioral-level simulation technique for RF/microwave applications. Part II: Approximation of nonlinear transfer functions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The instantaneous quadrature technique is an efficient tool for nonlinear behavioral-level simulation of RF/microwave circuits or systems over wide frequency and dynamic ranges. In order to obtain accurate simulation results, accurate approximation/representation of the nonlinear transfer functions (or factors) as well as accurate measurement (or circuit-level simulation) of the amplitude (AM–AM) and phase (AM–PM) nonlinearities are required. In this paper, we consider how to approximate these transfer functions (factors) using splines, orthogonal and nonorthogonal series expansions, and evolutionary programming techniques (genetic algorithm and neural networks) with viewpoint of the simulation accuracy. The influence of AM–AM and AM–PM measurement (or simulation) inaccuracy and noise on the entire simulation accuracy is also discussed. Series expansion methods are proposed as a tool to filter out the measurement noise. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 10: 238–252, 2000.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".