Two-Dimensional Simulations of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Mini channels of PEM Fuel Cell Flow Field
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effective water management is one of the key strategies for improving the performance and durability of PEM fuel cells. Phenomena such as membrane dehydration, catalyst layer flooding and two-phase flow in flow-channels are all determined by the distribution and movement of water during cell operation. In this study, gas-liquid flow in mini-channels relevant to fuel cells was numerically studied using a CFD two-phase flow model in combination with a volume of fluid (VOF) method. The results show that the surface wettability of the channel wall can greatly affect the flow pattern, especially when the channel walls and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface possess different contact angles. When the channel walls are more hydrophobic, more water is accumulated on the GDL. An increase in the surface tension results in a slight increase of slug frequency and a slight decrease in slug length. The onset of slugging along the channel is determined by the gas-liquid mixture velocity, gas-to-liquid flow ratio and the way water is introduced into the gas flow channel. Furthermore, the calculated pressure drop fluctuations show a strong dependence on the channel liquid content and the slug length.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".