Large-scale frequency dynamics of alternative male phenotypes in natural populations of coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>): patterns, processes, and implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using over 20 years of annual spawner survey data collected from 46 natural populations of coastal Oregon coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), we examined large-scale spatial and temporal dynamics of alternative male pheno types (age-3 hooknoses and age-2 jacks). Fluctuations in jack and hooknose abundance were synchronous among populations (i.e., region-wide synchrony), similar to patterns seen previously in Oregon hatchery populations and indicative of oceanic processes operating at large spatial and temporal scales. By contrast, regional-scale synchrony in the ratio of jack to hooknose males was likely attributable to the influences of the freshwater environment. Moreover, within-population variation in phenotype ratio was lower by brood year than by return year (i.e., weak cohort relationship), contrary to previous patterns in hatchery populations. The spatial and temporal patterns of phenotype ratio observed in natural populations but not in hatchery populations, where freshwater effects were statistically controlled, indicate that the frequency dynamics of coho male alternative phenotypes are influenced more strongly by freshwater than by marine processes. The environmentally induced variability in phenotype ratio suggests that there may be constant perturbations of fitness functions for alternative phenotypes, such that the system should be less stable than predicted from the status-dependent selection model with fixed fitness functions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".