The performance of the SPH method in simulating surface runoff along a saturated soil slope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rainfall-induced slope failures are one of the most disastrous and frequently occurring natural hazards. Hence, it is indispensible to predict their occurrence and their post-failure velocity in order to save lives and properties in mountainous areas. The rain that falls on a soil slope results in either infi ltration or surface runoff, depending on the site characteristics. For saturated soil slopes, the amount of rain that goes as infi ltration is usually less than the amount that goes as runoff. As a result, surface runoff scours the slope surface, thereby removing the soil slope protecting covers and eventu-ally putting the slope, at least, in a marginally stable condition. This article reports the performance of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics numerical scheme in simulating runoff along a saturated soil slope with emphasis on predicting the velocity of fl ow. The average velocity of fl ow using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method was compared with the average value obtained using a standard open-channel hydraulics empirical equation. The results show that the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method could be used as an alternative method for predicting the runoff velocity along a soil slope in hilly areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".