Synthesis of incoming shortwave radiation for hydrological simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past decade, measurements of incoming shortwave radiation and of its proxy, daily bright sunshine hours, have become scarce in western Canada and elsewhere. As these data are critical for computing net radiation for snowmelt, evaporation, soil thaw and other components of the hydrological cycle, other means to estimate incoming shortwave radiation are needed. National Centers for Environmental Prediction and North American Regional Reanalysis atmospheric model reanalysis estimates of daily incoming shortwave radiation (Qsi), as well as the results of simplified semi-empirical calculations, were compared with measurements to determine their usefulness for hydrological calculations. It was found that all of the daily estimates show considerable bias and scatter compared with measurements. The best estimated values were produced by the semi-empirical Annandale method, particularly for simulations over the period of spring snowmelt. As many models require hourly radiation data, a method is presented for rescaling simulated daily Qsi data to the hourly values required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".