Bibliographic record
Abstract
Images obtained with the CFHTIR camera on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope are used to investigate the near-infrared photometric properties of the star-forming M81 group galaxy NGC 3077. The spectral-energy distribution (SED) of the near-infrared light within 10'' of the nucleus (1) is very different from that of "typical" dwarf elliptical galaxies (dE's), blue compact dwarf galaxies, and H II/starburst galaxies, and (2) is consistent with the 2 μm light being dominated by hot young (log t yr < 6.8) stars reddened by A V = 3–4, with A V ≥ 8 mag in some regions, including previously detected areas of CO emission. A population like that near the center of NGC 205 likely contributes only a modest fraction of the light near 2 μm. A number of candidate star clusters are detected in and around NGC 3077. These objects have near-infrared brightnesses and colors that are consistent with them being classical globular clusters and young star clusters. The specific frequency of globular clusters in NGC 3077 is estimated to be S N = 2.5, which falls within the range of S N measured in nearby dE's. The candidate young clusters have photometric masses that are similar to those of compact young clusters in other active star-forming systems and SEDs consistent with ages log t yr ≤ 6.6. Based on the masses and ages of the young clusters, it is estimated that the star formation rate in NGC 3077 was at least 0.25–0.50 M ⊙ yr -1 during the past few million years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".