Physical and Mathematical Models of Vortex Flows During The Last Stages of Steel Draining Operations from a Ladle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Slag entrainment during steel teeming-drain operations from a steel ladle impacts negatively steel cleanliness and quality. In the present work water modeling and mathematical simulations using a multiphase model for momentum and heat transfer were employed to understand the mechanisms of vortex funnel drain and sink drain flows. The critical bath height for vortex development increases with steel throughput and valve gate opening. Six stages during vortex development are identified, passing from a dimple formation on the bath surface until sink drain which begins when the bath level has the same magnitude as the nozzle diameter. This later drain pattern is independent from any other teeming-draining variable being only a function of the bath height and nozzle diameter; when they are about the same the metal-interface collapses. The temperature gradients originated by the heat losses of the ladle to the surroundings provide buoyancy forces that are large enough to influence liquid motion in the ladle. At large bath levels steel observes long-vertical recirculating flows and at low bath levels these flows change to horizontal-circular recirculating flows that become a seed for later vortex development. These buoyancy forces increase the critical height for vortex development and slag entrainment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".