Hollow anatase TiO2 porous microspheres with V-shaped channels and exposed (101) facets: Anisotropic etching and photovoltaic properties
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Owing to the excellent physical and chemical properties for potential application in multiple fields, design and synthesis of semiconductor titanium dioxide with tailor-made crystal facets and V-shaped porous sturcuctures have attracted great research interest. In this work, we prepared hollow anatase TiO2 microspheres (HTS) with exposed (101) facets and V-shaped channels via a novel anisotropic etching method. The obtained HTS microspheres are constructed by two layers, the inner layer is TiO2 nanoparticles, while the outer layer is composed of single-crystal TiO2 nanosheets with highly exposed (101) facets and V-shaped channels. The cooperative effect of hydrogen peroxide with ammonium fluoride and an anisotropic corrosion process are proposed to understand the formation mechanism. Hydrogen peroxide decomposed to form O2 bubbles, which acted as templates for the formation of TiO2 microspheres with cavities. Fluorine ions were able to promote the formation of anatase (001) facets at the beginning of the reaction and then etch the (001) facets with the reaction progress, leaving highly exposed (101) facets and V-shaped channels along the [001] direction. Due to the unique structure of anatase TiO2 (101) single crystal nanosheets and the strong light scattering effects from the V-shaped channels, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on our HTS sample have a high open voltage of 0.9 V. The optimized DSSC based on our HTS sample showed an overall light-electron conversion efficiency of 7.05% with a lower dye absorption.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it