Hollow anatase TiO2 porous microspheres with V-shaped channels and exposed (101) facets: Anisotropic etching and photovoltaic properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Owing to the excellent physical and chemical properties for potential application in multiple fields, design and synthesis of semiconductor titanium dioxide with tailor-made crystal facets and V-shaped porous sturcuctures have attracted great research interest. In this work, we prepared hollow anatase TiO2 microspheres (HTS) with exposed (101) facets and V-shaped channels via a novel anisotropic etching method. The obtained HTS microspheres are constructed by two layers, the inner layer is TiO2 nanoparticles, while the outer layer is composed of single-crystal TiO2 nanosheets with highly exposed (101) facets and V-shaped channels. The cooperative effect of hydrogen peroxide with ammonium fluoride and an anisotropic corrosion process are proposed to understand the formation mechanism. Hydrogen peroxide decomposed to form O2 bubbles, which acted as templates for the formation of TiO2 microspheres with cavities. Fluorine ions were able to promote the formation of anatase (001) facets at the beginning of the reaction and then etch the (001) facets with the reaction progress, leaving highly exposed (101) facets and V-shaped channels along the [001] direction. Due to the unique structure of anatase TiO2 (101) single crystal nanosheets and the strong light scattering effects from the V-shaped channels, the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on our HTS sample have a high open voltage of 0.9 V. The optimized DSSC based on our HTS sample showed an overall light-electron conversion efficiency of 7.05% with a lower dye absorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".