Hyperhomocysteinaemia and aortic calcification are associated with fractures in patients on haemodialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fractures and atherosclerosis are common in patients with renal failure; this may be due to hyperhomocysteinemia. AIM: To examine the relationships between fractures, vascular calcification and homocysteine levels in haemodialysis patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. METHODS: We enrolled 37 men and 15 women who had been on haemodialysis for at least 1 year. We identified prevalent spine fractures by radiographs. Non-spine fractures were identified by self-report and confirmed by review of radiographs or radiology reports. We classified the presence and severity of lumbar aortic calcifications with lateral lumbar radiographs. We measured serum homocysteine in all subjects within 30 days of study entry. RESULTS: After adjusting for age and weight, increased levels of homocysteine were associated with an increased risk fracture (OR per mmol/l increase in homocysteine 1.6, 95%CI 1.2-2.0), as was the presence of aortic calcification (OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.2-2.1). Homocysteine and lumbar aortic calcification were highly correlated (r = 0.86). DISCUSSION: Hyperhomocysteinaemia may explain the relationship between fractures and atherosclerosis in patients with renal failure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".