Copper Ion Doped Mullite Composite in Poly (vinylidene Fluoride) Matrix: Effect on Microstructure, Phase Behavior and Electrical Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Highly crystallized copper ion doped mullite composites have been synthesized at 1100°C and 1400°C via sol-gel technique with five different strengths of copper ion and was incorporated in poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to make doped mullite composite/polymer films. We have studied the effects of this dopant on microstructure, phase transformation, and electrical properties of the polymer films over a wide range of frequency from 1.0 KHz to 2.0 MHz. Characterizations were done by various analytical tools at room temperature. Prominent mullite phases were observed from XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and FESEM characterization of composite polymer. The concentration of the dopant and the sintering temperature were found to be the two basic factors which affect the phase transition of the polymer. The composite film showed maximum dielectric constant of 19.96 at 1 KHz for 1.2M concentration of copper ion doped mullite sintered at 1400°C, compared to 3.09 for the pure polymer. Furthermore, both dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of the composite were found to be highly frequency and temperature dependent. After doping, the A.C. conductivity of the composite was found to increase with increasing temperature following Jonscher’s power law and the electrical resistivity reduced too. Moreover, the results revealed that the phase behaviors and micro structural changes of the copper ion doped mullite composite/polymer film affected its electrical properties with possible impact on its applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".