Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of the linguistic sign, the sign has two primordial characteristics, which he called the first and second principles: (1) the arbitrary nature of the sign and (2) the linear nature of the signifier. When outlining the second principle of the linear signifier, Saussure made a distinction between auditory and visual signifiers - a differentiation widely adopted by cartographers regarding cartographic signs. The first principle of the arbitrary nature of the sign has been discussed by some cartographers but is not recognized in Bertin's semiology of graphics (Bertin 1967, 1983a). Two alternative relationships constituting arbitrariness, sense versus reference, are discussed for cartographic signs. Both forms of arbitrariness are recognized as being present, and examples are given. Arbitrariness as reference is discussed, providing a theoretical argument for the use of unclassed choropleth maps in preference to classed choropleth maps.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.039 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.032 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".