6-GHz all-pass-filter-based delay-and-sum beamformer in 130nm CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A broadband RF delay-and-sum (DAS) beamformer, which employs wide-band CMOS all-pass filters for achieving the desired time delays, is discussed in this work. The use of all-pass filters eliminates the need of I/Q mixers and transmission line-based delay stages used in the previously reported DAS beamformers. The proposed all-pass filter can achieve approximately linear-phase delay across GHz-range of frequencies, which is amendable for wide-band beamforming. The delay-and-sum section of the beamformer was designed and simulated for an array of 4 antennas, with the desired signal direction of arrival of 11° from broadside direction. The performance of the wide-band DAS beamformer is obtained with simulations in IBM 130-nm CMOS technology. Moreover, experimental results for the main building block of the circuit, the voltage-mode all-pass filter with the nominal 33 ps delay, are given to strengthen the feasibility of physical implementation of such a beamformer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".